Transformer vs RNN in NLP: A Comparative Analysis

By using NLP to search for social determinants of health, which often lack the standardized terminology found in a patient’s electronic health record, healthcare providers can more easily find and extract this data from clinical notes. The basketball team realized numerical social metrics were not enough to gauge audience behavior and brand sentiment. They wanted a more nuanced understanding of their brand presence to build a more compelling social media strategy.

IBM watsonx is a portfolio of business-ready tools, applications and solutions, designed to reduce the costs and hurdles of AI adoption while optimizing outcomes and responsible use of AI. Despite these limitations to NLP applications in healthcare, their potential will likely drive significant research into addressing their shortcomings and effectively deploying them in clinical settings. Technologies and devices leveraged in healthcare are expected to meet or exceed stringent standards to ensure they are both effective and safe. In some cases, NLP tools have shown that they cannot meet these standards or compete with a human performing the same task.

In 2023, comedian and author Sarah Silverman sued the creators of ChatGPT based on claims that their large language model committed copyright infringement by “ingesting” a digital version of her 2010 book. Enhancing NLP with more complex algorithms can increase understanding of patient-specific nuances while they predict possible substance abuse issues or analyzing speech patterns might aid addiction intervention, he added. The study, published in the International Journal of Medical Informatics, analyzed more than six million clinical notes from Florida patients. Grammerly used this capability to gain industry and competitive insights from their social listening data. They were able to pull specific customer feedback from the Sprout Smart Inbox to get an in-depth view of their product, brand health and competitors. Here are five examples of how brands transformed their brand strategy using NLP-driven insights from social listening data.

Sentiment analysis attempts to identify and extract subjective information from texts (Wankhade et al., 2022). More recently, aspect-based sentiment analysis emerged as a way to provide more detailed information than general sentiment analysis, as it aims to predict the sentiment polarities of given aspects or entities in text (Xue and Li, 2018). Natural language interfaces can process data based on natural language queries (Voigt et al., 2021), usually implemented as question answering or dialogue & conversational systems. The human language used in different forms and fashions can generate a plethora of information but in an unstructured way. It is in people’s nature to communicate and express their opinions and views, especially nowadays with all the available outlets to do so. This led to a growing amount of unstructured data that, so far, has been minimally or not utilized by businesses.

Results are shown across race/ethnicity and gender for a any SDoH mention task and b adverse SDoH mention task. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05) chi-squared tests for multi-class comparisons and 2-proportion z tests for binary comparisons. The performance of the best-performing models for each task on the immunotherapy and MIMIC-III datasets is shown in Table 2.

The model returns the probability of the record to belong to “class 1”; thresholds can be set in order to “hard”-assign records to “class 1” only if the probability is above the threshold. Logistic regression is a generalised linear regression model, which is a very common classification technique, especially used for binary classification (2 classes. However, there are adaptations of this model to multi-class classification problems). We can separate the two playlists in terms of their most representative words and the two centroids. In order to train a model able to assign new songs to the playlists, we will need to embed lyrics into vectors. While these numbers are fictitious, they illustrate how similar words have similar vectors. The major downside of one-hot encoding is that it treats each word as an isolated entity, with no relation to other words.

The remaining curiosity is to discover the connection between machine and human intelligence. A concrete interpretation of musical data can potentially contribute to advancing music generation and recommendation technologies. Natural language processing (NLP) has seen significant progress over the past several years, nlp types with pre-trained models like BERT, ALBERT, ELECTRA, and XLNet achieving remarkable accuracy across a variety of tasks. In pre-training, representations are learned from a large text corpus, e.g., Wikipedia, by repeatedly masking out words and trying to predict them (this is called masked language modeling).

Examples of LLMs

Our study is among the first to evaluate the role of contemporary generative large LMs for synthetic clinical text to help unlock the value of unstructured data within the EHR. We found variable benefits of synthetic data augmentation across model architecture and size; the strategy was most beneficial for the smaller Flan-T5 models and for the rarest classes where performance was dismal using gold data alone. Importantly, the ablation studies demonstrated that only approximately half of the gold-labeled dataset was needed to maintain performance when synthetic data was included in training, although synthetic data alone did not produce high-quality models. However, this would decrease the value of synthetic data in terms of reducing annotation effort. MonkeyLearn is a machine learning platform that offers a wide range of text analysis tools for businesses and individuals. With MonkeyLearn, users can build, train, and deploy custom text analysis models to extract insights from their data.

• As a result, enterprises trying to build their language models can also fall short of the organization’s objectives.
• Furthermore, efforts to address ethical concerns, break down language barriers, and mitigate biases will enhance the accessibility and reliability of these models, facilitating more inclusive global communication.
• The size of the arrows represents the magnitude of each token’s contribution, making it clear which tokens had the most significant impact on the final prediction.
• Ten iterations were conducted for each pre-anesthesia evaluation summary to determine the probability distribution of the ASA-PS classes in GPT-4.
• Pitch in music theory can be described as the frequency in the scientific domain, while dynamic and rhythm correspond to amplitude and varied duration of notes and rests within the music waveform.

Such a robust AI framework possesses the capacity to discern, assimilate, and utilize its intelligence to resolve any challenge without needing human guidance. Run the model on one piece of text first to understand what the model returns and how you want to shape it for your dataset. Now that I have identified that the zero-shot classification model is a better fit for my needs, I will walk through how to apply the model to a dataset. Among the varying types of Natural Language ChatGPT App Models, the common examples are GPT or Generative Pretrained Transformers, BERT NLP or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, and others. A. Transformers and RNNs both handle sequential data but differ in their approach, efficiency, performance, and many other aspects. For instance, Transformers utilize a self-attention mechanism to evaluate the significance of every word in a sentence simultaneously, which lets them handle longer sequences more efficiently.

Artificial Intelligence

In conclusion, an NLP-based model for the ASA-PS classification using free-text pre-anesthesia evaluation summaries as input can achieve a performance similar to that of board-certified anesthesiologists. This approach can improve the consistency and inter-rater reliability of the ASA-PS classification in healthcare systems if confirmed in clinical settings. In the future, the advent of scalable pre-trained models and multimodal approaches in NLP would guarantee substantial improvements in communication and information retrieval. It would lead to significant refinements in language understanding in the general context of various applications and industries. Artificial Intelligence (AI), including NLP, has changed significantly over the last five years after it came to the market. Therefore, by the end of 2024, NLP will have diverse methods to recognize and understand natural language.

A second category of structural generalization studies focuses on morphological inflection, a popular testing ground for questions about human structural generalization abilities. Most of this work considers i.i.d. train–test splits, but recent studies have focused on how morphological transducer models generalize across languages (for example, ref. 36) as well as within each language37. The first prominent type of generalization addressed in the literature is compositional generalization, which is often argued to underpin humans’ ability to quickly generalize to new data, tasks and domains (for example, ref. 31). Although it has a strong intuitive appeal and clear mathematical definition32, compositional generalization is not easy to pin down empirically. Here, we follow Schmidhuber33 in defining compositionality as the ability to systematically recombine previously learned elements to map new inputs made up from these elements to their correct output. For an elaborate account of the different arguments that come into play when defining and evaluating compositionality for a neural network, we refer to Hupkes and others34.

They recognize the ‘valid’ word to complete the sentence without considering its grammatical accuracy to mimic the human method of information transfer (the advanced versions do consider grammatical accuracy as well). Thus, when comparing RNN vs. Transformer, we can say that RNNs are effective for some sequential tasks, while transformers excel in tasks requiring a comprehensive understanding of contextual relationships across entire sequences. In straight terms, research is a driving force behind the rapid advancements in NLP Transformers, unveiling revolutionary use cases at an unprecedented pace and shaping the future of these models.

Developed by a team at Google led by Tomas Mikolov in 2013, Word2Vec represented words in a dense vector space, capturing syntactic and semantic word relationships based on their context within large corpora of text. In traditional NLP approaches, the representation of words was often literal and lacked any form of semantic or syntactic understanding. Google has announced Gemini for Google Workspace integration into its productivity applications, including Gmail, Docs, Slides, Sheets, and Meet. ChatGPT, developed and trained by OpenAI, is one of the most notable examples of a large language model. An example of a machine learning application is computer vision used in self-driving vehicles and defect detection systems. The goal was to measure social determinants well enough for researchers to develop risk models and for clinicians and health systems to be able to use various factors.

Plus, they were critical for the broader marketing and product teams to improve the product based on what customers wanted. As a result, they were able to stay nimble and pivot their content strategy based on real-time trends derived from Sprout. This increased their content performance significantly, which resulted in higher organic reach. There’s also ongoing work to optimize the overall size and training time required for LLMs, including development of Meta’s Llama model. Llama 2, which was released in July 2023, has less than half the parameters than GPT-3 has and a fraction of the number GPT-4 contains, though its backers claim it can be more accurate. The interaction between occurrences of values on various axes of our taxonomy, shown as heatmaps.

In this Analysis we have presented a framework to systematize and understand generalization research. The core of this framework consists of a generalization taxonomy that can be used to characterize generalization studies along five dimensions. This taxonomy, which is designed based on ChatGPT an extensive review of generalization papers in NLP, can be used to critically analyse existing generalization research as well as to structure new studies. This confirms and validates our composer classification pipeline using the proposed NLP-based music data representation approach.

First, models were trained using 10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, 70%, 75%, and 90% of manually labeled sentences; both SDoH and non-SDoH sentences were reduced at the same rate. Our findings highlight the potential of large LMs to improve real-world data collection and identification of SDoH from the EHR. In addition, synthetic clinical text generated by large LMs may enable better identification of rare events documented in the EHR, although more work is needed to optimize generation methods. Our fine-tuned models were less prone to bias than ChatGPT-family models and outperformed for most SDoH classes, especially any SDoH mentions, despite being orders of magnitude smaller. In the future, these models could improve our understanding of drivers of health disparities by improving real-world evidence and could directly support patient care by flagging patients who may benefit most from proactive resource and social work referral.

Lastly, ML bias can have many negative effects for enterprises if not carefully accounted for. Stanford CoreNLP is written in Java and can analyze text in various programming languages, meaning it’s available to a wide array of developers. Indeed, it’s a popular choice for developers working on projects that involve complex processing and understanding natural language text. The significance of each text affecting the ASA-PS classification and the reliance of the model on the interaction between texts was analyzed using the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Examples of the importance of each word were plotted and overlaid on the original text.

Multimodality refers to the capability of a system or method to process input of different types or modalities (Garg et al., 2022). We distinguish between systems that can process text in natural language along with visual data, speech & audio, programming languages, or structured data such as tables or graphs. An alternative and cost-effective approach is choosing a  third-party partner or vendor to help jump-start your strategy. Vendor-based technology allows enterprises to take advantage of their best practices and implementation expertise in larger language models, and the vast experience they bring to the table based on other problem statements they have tackled. NLP tools are developed and evaluated on word-, sentence-, or document-level annotations that model specific attributes, whereas clinical research studies operate on a patient or population level, the authors noted.

It can extract critical information from unstructured text, such as entities, keywords, sentiment, and categories, and identify relationships between concepts for deeper context. We chose spaCy for its speed, efficiency, and comprehensive built-in tools, which make it ideal for large-scale NLP tasks. Its straightforward API, support for over 75 languages, and integration with modern transformer models make it a popular choice among researchers and developers alike. While this improvement is noteworthy, it’s important to recognize that perfect agreement in ASA-PS classification remains challenging due to its subjective nature.

Model Architecture

Note that we considered the polyphonic music piece as a whole without reducing it to only one channel. Contemplating the NLP aspect, each concurrently occurring note can be viewed as a concurrent character, which may be odd for Western languages. Nonetheless, the simultaneous occurrence of characters is relatively common in some Southeast Asian languages, such as Thai and Lao. Thus, Applying the NLP approach directly to polyphonic music with concurrency is reasonably practical. However, there is still a remaining issue, which is the procedure of ordering those co-occurring notes. Thereby, we introduce a rule for tie-breaking amid those notes utilizing the pitch of each of them.

This has resulted in powerful AI based business applications such as real-time machine translations and voice-enabled mobile applications for accessibility. An LLM is the evolution of the language model concept in AI that dramatically expands the data used for training and inference. While there isn’t a universally accepted figure for how large the data set for training needs to be, an LLM typically has at least one billion or more parameters.

As LLMs continue to evolve, new obstacles may be encountered while other wrinkles are smoothed out. “This approach can be re-used for extracting other types of social risk information from clinical text, such as transportation needs,” he said. “Also, NLP approaches should continue to be ported and evaluated in diverse healthcare systems to understand best practices in dissemination and implementation.”

The extraction process performed in this work begins by extracting crucial information, including note pitch, start time of each note, and end time of each note from each music piece using pretty_midi. Then, the start time and end time of each note are further computed to generate another feature, namely note duration. In this experiment, we encode only the note pitch and duration but exclude the key striking velocity from our representation. The first reason is that, by incorporating the velocity into the tuple, there will be a myriad of tuples hence characters in our vocabulary. This excessive number of characters in vocabulary may hinder the ability of the model to recognize the pattern. That is, considering only the notes being played and their duration, one can tell which piece it is or even who composed this piece based on their knowledge.

You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) dominated the AI landscape until the emergence of transformers. Explore the distinctions between GANs and transformers and consider how the integration of these two techniques might yield enhanced results for users in the future. Your data can be in any form, as long as there is a text column where each row contains a string of text. As businesses strive to adopt the latest in AI technology, choosing between Transformer and RNN models is a crucial decision. In the ongoing evolution of NLP and AI, Transformers have clearly outpaced RNNs in performance and efficiency. In the pursuit of RNN vs. Transformer, the latter has truly won the trust of technologists,  continuously pushing the boundaries of what is possible and revolutionizing the AI era.

Some of the most well-known examples of large language models include GPT-3 and GPT-4, both of which were developed by OpenAI, Meta’s Llama, and Google’s PaLM 2. A separate study, from Stanford University in 2023, shows the way in which different language models reflect general public opinion. Models trained exclusively on the internet were more likely to be biased toward conservative, lower-income, less educated perspectives. By contrast, newer language models that were typically curated through human feedback were more likely to be biased toward the viewpoints of those who were liberal-leaning, higher-income, and attained higher education.

Tokens in red contribute positively towards pushing the model output from the base value to the predicted value (indicating a higher probability of the class), while tokens in blue contribute negatively (indicating a lower probability of the class). This visualization helps to understand which features (tokens) are driving the model’s predictions and their respective contributions to the final Shapley score. Figure 4 illustrates how a specific input text contributes to the prediction performance of the model for each ASA-PS class.

Further, one of its key benefits is that there is no requirement for significant architecture changes for application to specific NLP tasks. Also known as opinion mining, sentiment analysis is concerned with the identification, extraction, and analysis of opinions, sentiments, attitudes, and emotions in the given data. NLP contributes to sentiment analysis through feature extraction, pre-trained embedding through BERT or GPT, sentiment classification, and domain adaptation.

The performances of the models in the test set were compared and stratified according to the number of tokens as a part of the subgroup analysis. The test set was divided into two subgroups based on the length of each pre-anesthesia evaluation summary, with the median length of the test set used as a threshold. Differentiating ASA-PS II from ASA-PS III is particularly important in clinical decision-making20. Several guidelines7,9 and regulations6,8,14 state that differentiating ASA-PS II from ASA-PS III plays a critical role in formulating a plan for non-anesthesia care and ambulatory surgery. Patients classified as ASA-PS III or higher often require additional evaluation before surgery. Errors in assignment can lead to the over- or underprescription of preoperative testing, thereby compromising patient safety22.